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| | Metaphor
Introduction
Examples
of metaphors
Common types of metaphors
Uncommon types of metaphors
Misc Metaphors
Metaphorical
Thinking
Metaphors
and business
Metaphors
and the creative process
Metaphorical Thinking
Summary Creativity tools
| Metaphor | Analogy
| Shifting
Paradigms
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metaphor |
Introduction
A metaphor is an analogy between two objects or ideas, conveyed by the use of a word instead of another and also denotes rhetorical figures of speech that achieve their effects via association, comparison, and resemblance such as antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy, and simile; all are species of
metaphor:
Synectics - creates connections by making the unfamiliar seem familiar and vice-versa. Proprietary .
Conceptual Metaphor- “bursting with flavor”
Tetrium comparison: Only similarities in above is that the two are live organisms.
Similies explain (explicit), Metaphors implies (implicit)
Examples
of metaphors
- Fuzzy logic is a term meaning the logic in a statement is intentionally left vague.
- There was a scandal involving Iran and the Contras that was dubbed Contra-gate.
- Terms in football use metaphors to describe plays such as the “Flea Flicker” or the “Statue of Liberty”
- Wine tasting uses metaphors such as Fruity, bouquet, baked, dry and thin.
A metaphor is more forceful than an analogy, because metaphor asserts two things are the same, whereas analogy implies a difference; other rhetorical comparative figures of speech, such as metonymy, parable, simile, and synecdoche, are species of metaphor distinguished by how the comparison is communicated. The metaphor category also contains specialized types such as
allegory: An extended metaphor wherein a story illustrates an important attribute of the subject
catachresis: A mixed metaphor used by design and accident (a rhetorical fault)
parable: An extended metaphor narrated as an anecdote illustrating and teaching a moral lesson
Common types of metaphors
A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of the transferred image is absent. Examples: "to grasp a concept" and "to gather what you've understood" use physical action as a metaphor for understanding, most do not visualize the action; dead metaphors normally go unnoticed.
An extended metaphor, establishes a principal subject (comparison) and subsidiary subjects (comparisons). The As You Like It quotation is a good example, the world is described as a stage, and then men and women are subsidiary subjects further described in the same context.
A mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a second identification inconsistent with the first. Example: "If we can hit that bullseye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards... Checkmate."Quote from Futurama TV show character Zapp Brannigan,
Absolute metaphor denotes a figure or a concept that cannot be reduced to, or replaced with solely conceptual thought and language. Absolute metaphors, e.g. “light” (for “truth”) and “seafaring” (for “human existence”) – have distinctive meanings , and, thereby, function as orientations in the world, and as theoretic questions, such as presenting the world as a whole.
Uncommon types of metaphors
An absolute or paralogical metaphor (sometimes called an anti-metaphor) is one in which there is no discernible point of resemblance between the idea and the image. e.g. “light” as a metaphor for virtue.
An active metaphor is one which by contrast to a dead metaphor, is not part of daily language and is noticeable as a metaphor.
A complex metaphor is one which mounts one identification on another. Example: "That throws some light on the question." Throwing light is a metaphor: there is no actual light, and a question is not the sort of thing that can be lit up.
A compound or loose metaphor is one that catches the mind with several points of similarity. Examples: "He has the wild stag's foot." This phrase suggests grace and speed as well as daring.
A dying metaphor is a derogatory term coined by George Orwell in his essay Politics and the English Language. Orwell defines a dying metaphor as a metaphor that isn't dead (dead metaphors are different, as they are treated like ordinary words), but has been worn out and is used because it saves people the trouble of inventing an original phrase for themselves. In short, a cliché. Example: Achilles' heel. Orwell suggests that writers scan their work for such dying forms that they have 'seen regularly before in print' and replace them with alternative language patterns.
An epic metaphor or Homeric simile is an extended metaphor containing details about the vehicle that are not, in fact, necessary for the metaphoric purpose. This can be extended to humorous lengths, for instance: "This is a crisis. A large crisis. In fact, if you've got a moment, it's a twelve-storey crisis with a magnificent entrance hall, carpeting throughout, 24-hour porterage and an enormous sign on the roof saying 'This Is a Large Crisis.'"
An implicit metaphor is one in which the tenor is not specified but implied. Example: "Shut your trap!" Here, the mouth of the listener is the unspecified tenor.
An implied or unstated metaphor is a metaphor not explicitly stated or obvious that compares two things by using adjectives that commonly describe one thing, but are used to describe another comparing the two.
An example: "Golden baked skin", comparing bakery goods to skin or "green blades of nausea", comparing green grass to the pallor of a nausea-stic person or "leafy golden sunset" comparing the sunset to a tree in the fall.
A simple or tight metaphor is one in which there is but one point of resemblance between the tenor and the vehicle. Example: "Cool it". In this example, the vehicle, "Cool", is a temperature and nothing else, so the tenor, "it", can only be grounded to the vehicle by one attribute.
A submerged metaphor is one in which the vehicle is implied, or indicated by one aspect. Example: "my winged thought". Here, the audience must supply the image of the bird.
A synecdochic metaphor is a trope that is both a metaphor and a synecdoche in which a small part of something is chosen to represent the whole so as to highlight certain elements of the whole.
Misc Metaphors
A cognitive metaphor is the association of an object to an experience outside the object's environment.
A conceptual metaphor is an underlying association that is systematic in both language and thought.
A root metaphor is the underlying worldview that shapes an individual's understanding of a situation.
A therapeutic metaphor is an experience that allows one to learn about more than just that experience.
A visual metaphor provides a frame or window on experience. Metaphors can also be implied and extended throughout pieces of literature.
Metaphorical
Thinking
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Metaphorical Thinking is comparing a subject to a completely unrelated topic.
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Children are not taught to think metaphorically.
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Logical thinking cannot efficiently be used to analyze complex thoughts.
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Thinking Metaphorically leads to more abstract ideas.
Metaphors
and business
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| Logically speaking: No Correlation Between the Manager and a Rubber ball, hence output is the Same as the Input |
Metaphorically Thinking: An effective Manager is like a Rubber Ball, well-rounded, flexible |
Metaphors
and the creative process
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Ignites imagination and allows individuals to think beyond the logical and rational.
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Metaphors seek to substitute A for B, stating that A is B, as in “A woman is a delicate rose”
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Tetrium comparison: Only similarities in above is that the two are live organisms.
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Similies explain
(explicit), Metaphors implies (implicit)
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Metaphorical Thinking expands the horizon of the thinking realm.
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Using shades to describe things allows for a more granular view also expanding the tools used in description.
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Metaphors can be used during problem solving to describe particular situations in more detail and in ways.
Metaphorical Thinking
Summary
Metaphorical Thinking is a powerful tool that can be used in the decision making process.
Metaphors are used in the English language to supplement explanations or to provide more colorful descriptions.
Metaphors are used to compare an entity unknown to the listener to a known entity.
Thinking in an abstract way by using metaphoric thinking enables the thinker to identify certain aspects of a problem with an unrelated topic.
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